422 St. Celestine I begins his reign as the Catholic Pope
506 35 bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde, shedding light on the moral conditions of the clergy and laity in southern France
918 Arnulf I the Old becomes lord of Flanders
1349 Jews who survive Black Death riots in Constance, Prince-Bishopric of Constance, Holy Roman Empire, are burned to death as part of a wave of pogroms across Western Europe
1510 Bishop Frederik of Bath recaptures the Dutch city of Oldenzaal
1547 England demands that the 10-year-old Edward VI marry the 5-year-old Mary, Queen of Scots, to unite the English and Scottish crowns
1547 Battle of Pinkie, Midlothian: English beat the Scots
1608 John Smith is elected president of the Jamestown Colony Council, Virginia
1776 George Washington asks for a spy, and Nathan Hale volunteers
1813 American naval commander Oliver Hazard Perry defeats the British in the Battle of Lake Erie
1846 Elias Howe takes out a US patent for a lockstitch sewing machine
1894 London taxi driver George Smith is the first person fined for drunk driving
1924 Leopold and Loeb are found guilty of the murder of Bobby Franks in Chicago in "the crime of the century"
1945 Mike the Headless Chicken is decapitated in Fruita, Colorado, but survives for another 18 months before choking to death
1972 American long-distance runner Frank Shorter achieves a famous win in the men's marathon with a time of 2:12:19.8 at the Munich Olympics
1977 Hamida Djandoubi, convicted of torture and murder, is the last person to be executed by guillotine in France
1991 Rock band Nirvana releases their single "Smells Like Teen Spirit," often dubbed the anthem of Generation X
1993 "The X-Files", created by Chris Carter and starring David Duchovny and Gillian Anderson, debuts on Fox
2008 The Large Hadron Collider at CERN, described as the biggest scientific experiment in the history of mankind, is powered up in Geneva, Switzerland
2020 California's August Complex wildfire becomes the largest recorded in state history at 471,000 acres (736 square miles)
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